Symbology-specific encoding
Each format follows its own published rules. Code 128 packs data using three internal character subsets (A, B, C), auto-selecting whichever gives the shortest encoding, and appends a modulo-103 checksum symbol. EAN-13 and UPC-A are fixed-length numeric codes: EAN-13 selects a parity sequence (odd/even) for its left-hand digit group based on the value of the leading digit, rather than alternating, while UPC-A applies one parity family to its left-hand digits and a different one to its right-hand digits. Both end in a modulo-10 check digit calculated from the preceding digits.