The three ciphers
AES is a block cipher with 128, 192 or 256-bit keys - the current standard (NIST FIPS 197). ChaCha20 (RFC 8439) is a stream cipher with a 256-bit key that XORs a keystream into the message; it is fast in software and usually paired with the Poly1305 authenticator. Triple DES, the oldest, was withdrawn as a NIST standard in 2023. All three are symmetric: the same key must reverse the process.